References
About IBS
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Hanning N, Edwinson AL, Ceuleers H, Peters SA, De Man JG, Hassett LC, De Winter BY, Grover M. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb 24;14:1756284821993586. doi: 10.1177/1756284821993586. PMID: 33717210; PMCID: PMC7925957.
Harvard Health Publishing (2019, August 21). Stress and the Sensitive Gut. Harvard Medical School. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/stress-and-the-sensitive-gut
John Hopkins Medicine. The Brain-Gut Connection. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/the-brain-gut-connection
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Marynowski, M., Likońska, A., Zatorski, H., & Fichna, J. (2015). Role of environmental pollution in irritable bowel syndrome. World journal of gastroenterology, 21(40), 11371–11378. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11371
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Mulak A, Taché Y, Larauche M. Sex hormones in the modulation of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(10): 2433-2448
Okafor, P. N., Dahlen, A., Youssef, M., Olayode, A., Sonu, I., Neshatian, L., Nguyen, L., & Charu, V. (2022). Environmental Pollutants Are Associated With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Commercially Insured Cohort of California Residents. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, S1542-3565(22)00923-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.09.025
O’Malley, Dervla. “Neuroimmune Cross Talk in the Gut. Neuroendocrine and Neuroimmune Pathways Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.” American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 311, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): G934–41. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00272.2016.
Rueda-Ruzafa, L., Roman, P., Cardona, D., Requena, M., Ropero-Padilla, C., & Alarcón, R. (2023). Environmental pesticide exposure and the risk of irritable bowel syndrome: A case-control study. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 98, 104076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2023.104076
Schnedl, W. J., & Enko, D. (2021). Histamine Intolerance Originates in the Gut. Nutrients, 13(4), 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041262
Schmulson, M. J., & Drossman, D. A. (2017). What Is New in Rome IV. Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility, 23(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm16214
So, S. Y., & Savidge, T. C. (2021). Sex-Bias in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Linking Steroids to the Gut-Brain Axis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 12, 684096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.684096
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Cannabis and IBS
(PDF) clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): Can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? (n.d.-b). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5448843_Clinical_Endocannabinoid_Deficiency_CECD_Can_this_Concept_Explain_Therapeutic_Benefits_of_Cannabis_in_Migraine_Fibromyalgia_Irritable_Bowel_Syndrome_and_other_Treatment-Resistant_Conditions
Brugnatelli, V., Turco, F., Freo, U., & Zanette, G. (2020, April 21). Irritable bowel syndrome: Manipulating the endocannabinoid system as first-line treatment. Frontiers in neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7186328/#:~:text=Considering%20this%20evidences%2C%20it%20has,et%20al.%2C%202015).
Camilleri, M., & Zheng, T. (2023, December). Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10872845/#:~:text=Cannabinoid%20effects%20on%20inflammatory%20mechanisms,of%20cannabinoids%20in%20gastrointestinal%20diseases.
Cannabinoids and digestive disorders. M Dedge. (n.d.). https://www.mdedge.com/gihepnews/article/269349/ibd-intestinal-disorders/cannabinoids-and-digestive-disorders
Endocannabinoids release after osteopathic manipulative treatment. A brief review. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2023, February 2). https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/pain-research-forum/papers-of-the-week/paper/143405-endocannabinoids-release-after-osteopathic-manipulative-treatment-brief-review/
Fichna, J., Wood, J. T., Papanastasiou, M., Vadivel, S. K., Oprocha, P., Sałaga, M., Sobczak, M., Mokrowiecka, A., Cygankiewicz, A. I., Zakrzewski, P. K., Małecka-Panas, E., Krajewska, W. M., Kościelniak, P., Makriyannis, A., & Storr, M. A. (n.d.). Endocannabinoid and cannabinoid-like fatty acid amide levels correlate with pain-related symptoms in patients with IBS-D and ibs-C: A pilot study. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0085073
Hardy, A. (2022, August 3). Cannabis for ibs? everything you need to know. Ignite Nutrition. https://ignitenutrition.ca/blog/cannabis-for-ibs-everything-you-need-to-know/
Hasenoehrl, C., Taschler, U., Storr, M., & Schicho, R. (2016, December). The gastrointestinal tract - a central organ of cannabinoid signalling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterology and motility. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5130148/#:~:text=A%20more%20recent%20questionnaire%20confirmed,further%20examined%20in%20future%20studies.
Matei, D., Trofin, D., Iordan, D. A., Onu, I., Condurache, I., Ionite, C., & Buculei, I. (2023, January 19). The endocannabinoid system and physical exercise. International journal of molecular sciences. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9916354/
McPartland, J. M., Guy, G. W., & Di Marzo, V. (2014, March 12). Care and feeding of the endocannabinoid system: A systematic review of potential clinical interventions that upregulate the endocannabinoid system. PloS one. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951193/
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Peter Grinspoon, M. (2021, August 11). The endocannabinoid system: Essential and mysterious. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
Rhys-Jones, D. (2020, March 16). Cannabis and ibs. Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/cannabis-and-ibs/
Russo, E. B. (2016, July 1). Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency reconsidered: Current research supports the theory in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel, and other treatment-resistant syndromes. Cannabis and cannabinoid research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5576607/#:~:text=Beyond%20drug%20interventions%2C%20a%20growing,discussed%20above%2C%20dietary%20manipulations%20with
S648 proof of concept open label trial of CBD/CBG oral... : Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG. (n.d.-c). https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2023/10001/s648_proof_of_concept_open_label_trial_of_cbd_cbg.1004.aspx
Samuel, S., Michael, M., & Tadros, M. (2023, June 26). Should gastroenterologists prescribe cannabis? the highs, the lows and the unknowns. World journal of clinical cases. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10336994/#:~:text=Conversely%2C%20a%20meta%2Danalysis%20revealed,and%20achieve%20remission%20in%20IBD.
Story, G., Briere, C.-E., McClements, D. J., & Sela, D. A. (2023, July 17). Cannabidiol and intestinal motility: A systematic review. Current developments in nutrition. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10541995/
www.ushealthconnect.com, H.-. (n.d.). Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system: Emerging trends. Practical Neurology. https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/cannabinoids-and-the-endocannabinoid-system-emerging-trends/30406/
Common IBS Food and Drink Triggers
Arnaud MJ. Mild dehydration: a risk factor of constipation? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;57 Suppl 2:S88-95. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601907. PMID: 14681719.
Allan, S. (2022, November 16). Alcohol and ibs. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/alcohol-and-ibs/
Cheyne, K. (2023, April 12). IBS and Diet. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/ibs-and-diet/
Dietary fibre. Gastrointestinal Society. (2021, July 6). https://badgut.org/information-centre/health-nutrition/dietary-fibre/#:~:text=Insoluble%20Fibre,Unlike%20soluble%20fibre&text=This%20is%20the%20best%20type,consistency%2C%20and%20delays%20glucose%20absorption.
DL;, G. S. L. (n.d.). The effect of alcohol on gastrointestinal motility. Reviews on recent clinical trials. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27527893/#:~:text=Alcohol%20effect%20on%20gastric%20motility,and%20beer)%20accelerate%20gastric%20emptying.
El-Salhy, M., Ystad, S. O., Mazzawi, T., & Gundersen, D. (2017, September). Dietary fiber in irritable bowel syndrome (review). International journal of molecular medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548066/#:~:text=Other%20studies%20have%20shown%20that,symptoms%20(40%2C41).
Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Hajishafiee M, Feizi A, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P. Consumption of spicy foods and the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Oct 14;19(38):6465-71. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i38.6465. PMID: 24151366; PMCID: PMC3801318.
Fiber & irritable bowel syndrome - today’s Dietitian Magazine. Today’s Dietitian. (n.d.). https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0816p34.shtml
Fiber. The Nutrition Source. (2023, February 2). https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/fiber/
Freuman, T. D. (2023, February 22).
Timing of digestive symptoms: What it means. FODMAP Everyday. https://www.fodmapeveryday.com/timing-of-digestive-symptoms-what-it-means/?utm_source=convertkit&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=The%2BTiming%2Bof%2BDigestive%2BSymptoms%3A%2BWhat%2BDo%2BThey%2BMean%3F+-+8347568
Ibs diet: The foods you can eat. Gastrointestinal Society. (2022, August 9). https://badgut.org/information-centre/health-nutrition/ibs-the-foods-you-can-eat/
Iriondo-DeHond A, Uranga JA, Del Castillo MD, Abalo R. Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain-Gut Axis. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 29;13(1):88. doi: 10.3390/nu13010088. PMID: 33383958; PMCID: PMC7824117.
Physiology, gastrocolic reflex - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549888/
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Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works
Constipation
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Chronic constipation: Why daily routines matter in management - Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. (n.d.-d). https://cdhf.ca/en/chronic-constipation-why-daily-routines-matter-in-management/
Clinical practice guideline: Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and functional constipation in the adult - pubmed. (n.d.-e). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27230827/
Constipation - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-g). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513291/
Constipation archives - Andrea Hardy, RD. (n.d.-h). https://www.andreahardyrd.com/tag/constipation/
Constipation | causes, symptoms, treatment and support - guts UK. (n.d.-f). https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/symptoms/constipation/
Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of different nutritional patterns on intestinal dysbiosis and symptoms - PMC. (n.d.-i). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10096616/
Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of different nutritional patterns on intestinal dysbiosis and symptoms - PMC. (n.d.-j). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10096616/
Decoding abdominal pain in constipation-predominant ... - PMC. (n.d.-k). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11914341/
Different types of constipation: The importance of knowing your subtype - ignite nutrition. (n.d.-l). https://ignitenutrition.ca/blog/different-types-of-constipation-the-importance-of-knowing-your-subtype/
Does abdominal massage relieve constipation? | nursing times. (n.d.-m). https://www.nursingtimes.net/bladder-and-bowel/does-abdominal-massage-relieve-constipation-27-03-2011/
DYSSYNERGIC defecation: A comprehensive review on ... - PMC. (n.d.-n). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10152153/
Effectiveness of abdominal massage on chronic constipation in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis - sciencedirect. (n.d.-o). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020748924002499
Green and gold kiwifruit powders consumed for 28 days by healthy individuals with occasional constipation are safe and well-tolerated: A randomized controlled trial - sciencedirect. (n.d.-p). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212619823000360
How to manage chronic constipation. (n.d.-q). https://ignitenutrition.ca/blog/nutrition-and-chronic-constipation-what-you-need-to-know/
IBS-C: How to get unstuck - canadian digestive health foundation. (n.d.-r). https://cdhf.ca/en/ibs-c-how-to-get-unstuck/
Idiopathic slow transit constipation: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management - PMC. (n.d.-s). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10819559/
Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation - PMC - NIH. (n.d.-t). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4616212/
Nutrition for constipation with Andrea Hardy Rd. (n.d.-u). https://podcasts.apple.com/be/podcast/nutrition-for-constipation-with-andrea-hardy-rd/id1565630124?i=1000688829526&l=nl
Nutrition tips for relieving constipation. (n.d.-v). https://www.eatright.org/health/health-conditions/digestive-and-gastrointestinal/nutrition-tips-for-relieving-constipation
Pelvic floor symptom related distress in chronic constipation correlates with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and constipation severity but not pelvic floor dyssynergia - PMC. (n.d.-w). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6326213/
Period poop 101 - canadian digestive health foundation. (n.d.-x). https://cdhf.ca/en/period-poop-101/
Period poops: Why do they happen? (n.d.-y). https://health.clevelandclinic.org/why-do-you-poop-more-on-your-period
Rome IV Criteria | The Rome Foundation. (n.d.-z). https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/
Slow transit constipation: Pathophysiological perspectives and management updates - syllaios - 2026 - journal of digestive diseases - wiley online library. (n.d.-aa). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1751-2980.70030
Treatment for constipation - NIDDK. (n.d.-ab). https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/constipation/treatment
Two gold kiwifruit daily for effective treatment of constipation ... (n.d.-ac). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9572406/
Understanding perimenopause and gut health - Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. (n.d.-ad). https://cdhf.ca/en/understanding-perimenopause-and-gut-health/
What does IBS-C feel like? how do I know if I have IBS-C? - Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. (n.d.-ae). https://cdhf.ca/en/what-does-ibs-c-feel-like/
Diarrhea
10 nutrition and lifestyle recommendations to manage diarrhea. badgut.org. (2025, November 13). https://badgut.org/information-centre/health-nutrition/diarrhea-and-diet/
Allan, S. (2023, June 14). Period poop 101. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/period-poop-101/
Allan, S. (2026, August 31). Diets used for IBS. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/diets-used-for-ibs/
Altomare, A., Di Rosa, C., Imperia, E., Emerenziani, S., Cicala, M., & Guarino, M. P. L. (2021, April 29). Diarrhea predominant-irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D): Effects of different nutritional patterns on intestinal dysbiosis and symptoms. Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8146452/
Andreahardyrd. (2022a, February 4). How to manage bile acid diarrhea. Andrea Hardy, RD. https://www.andreahardyrd.com/2020/11/05/how-to-manage-bile-acid-diarrhea/
Andreahardyrd. (2022b, August 12). Diarrhea basics. Andrea Hardy, RD. https://www.andreahardyrd.com/2021/09/02/diarrhea-basics/
Barrett, D. J. (2016, June 20). Timing of symptoms and FODMAPS. A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in IBS -
Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/timing-of-symptoms/
Bowel disorders - science direct. (n.d.-b). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508526001320
Cheyne, K. (2025a, March 31). Understanding IBS-D (IBS with diarrhea). Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/understanding-ibs-d-ibs-with-diarrhea/
Cheyne, K. (2025b, September 15). Ibs Flare-ups: Why they happen and how to get relief . Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/ibs-flare-ups-why-they-happen-and-how-to-get-relief/
Cheyne, K. (2025c, November 4). Understanding perimenopause and gut health. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/understanding-perimenopause-and-gut-health/
Cheyne, K. (2025d, November 4). Understanding perimenopause and gut health. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/understanding-perimenopause-and-gut-health/
Duboc, H., Coffin, B., & Siproudhis, L. (2020). Disruption of circadian rhythms and gut motility: An overview of underlying mechanisms and associated pathologies. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7147411/
Dwyer, E. (2020, August 19). Histamines and Ibs. A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS. - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/histamines-and-ibs/
Everything you need to know about ibs. badgut.org. (2026, June 16). https://badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/ibs/
Fabisiak, A., Włodarczyk, J., Fabisiak, N., Storr, M., & Fichna, J. (2017, July 30). Targeting histamine receptors in irritable bowel syndrome: A critical appraisal. Journal of neurogastroenterology and motility. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5503283/
Gastroenterology & Endoscopy News. (2018, April 30). Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and functional diarrhea. gastroendonews.com. https://www.gastroendonews.com/Functional-GI-Disorders/Article/04-18/Diarrhea-Predominant-Irritable-Bowel-Syndrome-And-Functional-Diarrhea/48381
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Jacobs, J. P., Lagishetty, V., Hauer, M. C., Labus, J. S., Dong, T. S., Toma, R., Vuyisich, M., Naliboff, B. D., Lackner, J. M., Gupta, A., Tillisch, K., & Mayer, E. A. (2023, January 10). Multi-omics profiles of the intestinal microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome and its bowel habit subtypes. Microbiome. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9830758/
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Disordered Eating and IBS
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Food to Ease Inflammation
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Get Moving for IBS!
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Get Your IBS Diagnosis!
Gut Microbiome: About and Health Strategies
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Shah, S. S., Noman, O., & Jaiswal, N. (2023, November 21). Unveiling the gut microbiome: How junk food impacts the gut. Cureus. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10734656/
Smith, R. P., Easson, C., Lyle, S. M., Kapoor, R., Donnelly, C. P., Davidson, E. J., Parikh, E., Lopez, J. V., & Tartar, J. L. (2019, October 7). Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans. PloS one. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6779243/
Staudacher, H. M., Black, C. J., Teasdale, S. B., Mikocka-Walus, A., & Keefer, L. (2023, September). Irritable bowel syndrome and mental health comorbidity - approach to multidisciplinary management. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10237074/
Tasnim, N., Abulizi, N., Pither, J., Hart, M. M., & Gibson, D. L. (2017, September 21). Linking the gut microbial ecosystem with the environment: Does Gut Health depend on where we live?. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01935/full
Valdes, A. M., Walter, J., Segal, E., & Spector, T. D. (2018, June 13). Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. The BMJ. https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2179
Xiong, R.-G., Li, J., Cheng, J., Zhou, D.-D., Wu, S.-X., Huang, S.-Y., Saimaiti, A., Yang, Z.-J., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2023, July 23). The role of gut microbiota in anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as the protective effects of dietary components. Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10384867/
Healthy Eating Tips: Carbs and IBS
Artificial sweeteners could harm gut microbiota. Gastrointestinal Society. (2021, July 5). https://badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/artificial-sweeteners-could-harm-gut-microbiota
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, March 28). Be sugar smart: Limiting added sugars can improve health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/be-sugar-smart.html
Dr Jaci Barrett & Lyndal McNamara. (2016, April 17). What are the polyols?. Polyols - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/what-are-polyols/
FODMAPS and irritable bowel syndrome. About FODMAPs and IBS | Monash FODMAP - Monash Fodmap. (n.d.). https://www.monashfodmap.com/about-fodmap-and-ibs/
Home - the canadian sugar institute. Home - The Canadian Sugar Institute. (n.d.). https://sugar.ca/
Kris Sollid, R. (2022, February 24). Food and inflammation series: Is sugar inflammatory?. Food Insight. https://foodinsight.org/food-and-inflammation-series-is-sugar-inflammatory/
Lenhart, A., & Chey, W. D. (2017, July 14). A systematic review of the effects of polyols on gastrointestinal health and irritable bowel syndrome. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda,Md.).https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5508768/
Ma, X., Nan, F., Liang, H., Shu, P., Fan, X., Song, X., Hou, Y., & Zhang, D. (2022, August 31). Excessive intake of sugar: An accomplice of inflammation. Frontiers in immunology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9471313/
Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Plaza-Díaz, J., Sáez-Lara, M. J., & Gil, A. (2019, January 1). Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A Review of Experimental Studies and Clinical Trials. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6363527/
Satokari, R. (2020, May 8). High intake of sugar and the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria. Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7284805/
Staff, A. (2023, July 19). Unpacking who guidelines on non-sugar Sweeteners. The Nutrition Source. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2023/06/06/who-guidelines-non-sugar-sweeteners/
Starbucks®. Starbucks Coffee Company. (n.d.). https://www.starbucks.com/menu/product/424/iced/nutrition
Sugar alcohol. Sugar Alcohol - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/sugar-alcohol
The sweet danger of sugar. Harvard Health. (2022, January 6). https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/the-sweet-danger-of-sugar
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028
Healthy Eating Tips: Fat and IBS
14 simple ways to reduce saturated fat. The Texas Heart Institute. (2023, May 5). https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/14-simple-ways-to-reduce-saturated-fat/
Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., & Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(3), 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030741
Coniglio, S., Shumskaya, M., & Vassiliou, E. (2023). Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Immunomodulatory Properties. Biology, 12(2), 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020279
Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL. Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients! World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun 7;23(21):3771-3783. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3771. PMID: 28638217; PMCID: PMC5467063.
Diet - an important 1st step in IBS treatment. About IBS. (2024, February 1). https://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/
DiNicolantonio, J. J., & O’Keefe, J. (2021a). The importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases, asthma, and allergies. Missouri medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8504498/
DiNicolantonio, J. J., & O’Keefe, J. (2021b). The importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases, asthma, and allergies. Missouri medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8504498/
Dr Jane Varney and Dr Ck Yao. (2017, August 15). The role of dietary fat in IBS symptoms. Dietary fats and IBS symptoms - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/does-fat-play-role-in-management-of-ibs/#:~:text=Symptoms%20associated%20with%20fatty%20meal,food%20ingestion%20on%20IBS%20symptoms.
Essential fatty acids. Linus Pauling Institute. (2024, January 2). https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids
Field, C. J., & Robinson, L. (2019). Dietary Fats. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 10(4), 722–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz052
Hayes, P. A., Fraher, M. H., & Quigley, E. M. (2014). Irritable bowel syndrome: the role of food in pathogenesis and management. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 10(3), 164–174.
Hewlings S. (2020). Coconuts and Health: Different Chain Lengths of Saturated Fats Require Different Consideration. Journal of cardiovascular development and disease, 7(4), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd7040059
Khrisanapant, P., Kebede, B., Leong, S. Y., & Oey, I. (2019). A Comprehensive Characterisation of Volatile and Fatty Acid Profiles of Legume Seeds. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 8(12), 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120651
Know the facts about Fats. Harvard Health. (2021, April 19). https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/know-the-facts-about-fats
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023a, January 11). High cholesterol. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800#:~:text=With%20high%20cholesterol%2C%20you%20can,a%20heart%20attack%20or%20stroke.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023b, June 13). How omega-6 fatty acids affect the heart. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/expert-answers/omega-6/faq-20058172
NHS. (n.d.). NHS choices. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/different-fats-nutrition/
No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats. Harvard Health. (2019, August 20). https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/no-need-to-avoid-healthy-omega-6-fats
Prados, A. (2020, March 24). Fiber is not everything: Dietary fat type shown to be relevant for gut microbes. Gut Microbiota for Health. https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/fiber-is-not-everything-dietary-fat-type-shown-to-be-relevant-for-gut-microbes/
Twist, S. (2017, October 3). Fats and FODMAPS: How to enjoy the holidays and have a happy GI tract. UNC Center for Functional GI & Motility Disorders. https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/fats-fodmaps/
Types of fat. The Nutrition Source. (2018, July 24). https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/#:~:text=Unsaturated%20fats%2C%20which%20are%20liquid,number%20of%20other%20beneficial%20roles.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Who updates guidelines on fats and carbohydrates. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/17-07-2023-who-updates-guidelines-on-fats-and-carbohydrates
Healthy Eating Tips: Fibre and IBS
A.T. Abreu y Abreu (2021, June 16). Dietary fiber and the microbiota: A narrative review by a group of experts from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255534X21000621
Johnson W. McRorie Jr. PhD, & Abstract (2016, November 15). Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: An evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221226721631187X
Barrett, D. J. (2016a, November 14). Dietary fibre series - resistant starch. Resistant starch - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/dietary-fibre-series-resistant-starch/
Dietary fiber. About IBS. (2023, April 4). https://aboutibs.org/treatment/ibs-diet/dietary-fiber/
Dwyer, E. (2016a, October 28). Dietary fibre series- soluble fibre. Soluble dietary fibre - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/dietary-fibre-series-soluble-fibre/
Dwyer, E. (2016b, November 1). Dietary fibre series - prebiotic fibre. Prebiotic fibre - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/dietary-fibre-series-prebiotic-fibre/
El-Salhy M, Ystad SO, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D. Dietary fiber in irritable bowel syndrome (Review). Int
J Mol Med. 2017 Sep;40(3):607-613. Epub 2017 Jul 19.
Fiber & irritable bowel syndrome - today’s Dietitian Magazine. Today’s Dietitian. (n.d.-b). https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0816p34.shtml
Fibre: The IBS network. For Our Members. (n.d.). https://www.theibsnetwork.org/diet/fibre/
Guan, Z.-W., Yu, E.-Z., & Feng, Q. (2021, November 11). Soluble dietary fiber, one of the most important nutrients for the gut microbiota. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8624670/
Holscher, H. D. (2017, March 4). Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut microbes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390821/#:~:text=Insoluble%20fibers%2C%20such%20as%20cellulose,fermentation%20of%20non%2Ddigested%20foodstuff.
JG;, G. P. E. (n.d.). Review article: FODMAPS, prebiotics and gut health-the FODMAP hypothesis revisited. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics://pubmed.ncbe.nlm.nih.gov/32562590
Muir, J., & Associate ProfessorHead of Translational Nutrition ScienceDepartment of GastroenterologyCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourne. (n.d.). An overview of fiber and fiber supplements for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Hepatology. https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/july-2019/an-overview-of-fiber-and-fiber-supplements-for-irritable-bowel-syndrome/
Resistant starch facts. CSIRO. (n.d.). https://www.csiro.au/en/research/health-medical/nutrition/resistant-starch
Slavin, J. (2013, April 22). Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/
So, D. (2018, February 5). More than fodmaps: Fermentable Fibres & IBS. Fermentable fibres and IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/more-fodmaps-fermentable-fibres-ibs
Vargas, V. (2023, August 11). Fiber and IBS: What you need to know. FODMAP Everyday. https://www.fodmapeveryday.com/fiber-ibs-what-you-need-to-know/
Varney, D. J. (2016, November 8). Dietary fibre series - insoluble fibre. Insoluble fibre dietary fibre - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/dietary-fibre-series-insoluble-fibre/
Williams, B. A., Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B. M., & Gidley, M. J. (2019, May 24). “dietary fibre”: Moving beyond the “soluble/insoluble” classification for monogastric nutrition, with an emphasis on humans and pigs. Journal of animal science and biotechnology.
Healthy Eating Tips: Salt and IBS
Barney, J. (2023, November 28). The way to better mental health may go through your stomach. UVA Today. https://news.virginia.edu/content/way-better-mental-health-may-go-through-your-stomach
Canada, H. (2022, June 30). Government of Canada. Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/nutrients/sodium.html
Higher salt intake can cause gastrointestinal bloating. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (n.d.). https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2019/higher-salt-intake-can-cause-gastrointestinal-bloating
Ma T;Jin H;Kwok LY;Sun Z;Liong MT;Zhang H; (n.d.). Probiotic consumption relieved human stress and anxiety symptoms possibly via modulating the neuroactive potential of the gut microbiota. Neurobiology of stress. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33511258/#:~:text=Our%20previous%20study%20showed%20that,in%20the%20observed%20beneficial%20effects.
Nutritionist Resource. (n.d.). Is my ibs triggered by Salt?. Nutritionist Resource. https://www.nutritionist-resource.org.uk/articles/is-my-ibs-triggered-by-salt#:~:text=IBS%20is%20a%20complex%20condition,reduce%20your%20daily%20salt%20intake.
Pimenta, E., Gaddam, K. K., Oparil, S., Aban, I., Husain, S., Dell’Italia, L. J., & Calhoun, D. A. (2009, September). Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension: Results from a randomized trial. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771382/
Program, H. F. (n.d.).
Sodium in your diet. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/sodium-your-diet
Sáez, C. (2020, March 23). Salt overconsumption is bad-even for your gut microbiota. Gut Microbiota for Health. https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/salt-overconsumption-bad-even-gut-microbiota/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20new%20study,in%20both%20mice%20and%20humans.
Healthy Eating Tips: Vitamins and Minerals
Park, K. (2023, March 12). The role of dietary phytochemicals: Evidence from epidemiological studies. Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10054640/
RD, J. E. Bs. H. (2023, October 18). Vitamins for IBS - which ones are needed + when to avoid. THE IBS DIETITIAN. https://thefoodtreatmentclinic.com/vitamins-for-ibs-which-ones-are-needed-when-to-avoid/
Santhiravel, S., Bekhit, A. E.-D. A., Mendis, E., Jacobs, J. L., Dunshea, F. R., Rajapakse, N., & Ponnampalam, E. N. (2022, July 23). The impact of plant phytochemicals on the gut microbiota of humans for a balanced life. International journal of molecular sciences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9332059/
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Vitamins: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002399.htm
Weyh, C., Krüger, K., Peeling, P., & Castell, L. (2022, February 2). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8840645/
Hydration
Admin. (n.d.). About. The Diarrhea Dietitian. https://diarrheadietitian.com/
Canada, H. (2021, January 26). Make water your drink of choice. Canada Food Guide. https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-eating-recommendations/make-water-your-drink-of-choice/
Constipation. JHM. (n.d.). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/constipation
Defence, N. (2021, August 12). Facts on fluids: How to stay hydrated. Facts on fluids: How to stay hydrated - Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/news/regional-news/western-sentinel/2021/08/facts-on-fluids-how-to-stay-hydrated.html
Did you know?. PEN. (n.d.). https://www.pennutrition.com/index.aspx?utm_source=DC+Website&utm_medium=Secondary+navigation&utm_campaign=PEN+Visits
Guidelines for drinking fluids to stay hydrated - carleton university. (n.d.). https://carleton.ca/healthy-workplace/wp-content/uploads/FACTSHEET-Guidelines-staying-hydrated.pdf
How much water should I drink a day?. Harvard Health. (2023, May 22). https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-much-water-should-you-drink
Liana Reiland, D. N. P. (2021, July 12). Tips for drinking more water. Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/tips-for-drinking-more-water
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, October 12). How much water do you need to stay healthy?. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/water/art-20044256
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (n.d.). Dehydration. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086
Varney, Dr. J. (2018, August 27). Will drinking more improve my constipation?. Will drinking more water improve my constipation? A blog by Monash FODMAP, the experts in IBS. - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/will-drinking-more-improve-my-constipation/
Water, the drink of choice to stay hydrated. Gouvernement du Québec. (n.d.). https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/nutrition/healthy-eating-habits/water-the-drink-of-choice-to-stay-hydrated
Inflammation
Author links open overlay panelAmanda Cuevas-Sierra 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, & ABSTRACTDiverse evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is involved in the development of obesity and associated comorbidities. It has been reported that the composition of the gut microbiota differs in obese and lean subjects. (2019, February 5). Diet, gut microbiota, and obesity: Links with host genetics and epigenetic and potential applications. Advances in Nutrition. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322001971
Author links open overlay panel Min’an Zhao a b 1, a, b, 1, c, d, e, & AbstractThe gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining host health by enhancing the host’s digestive capacity. (2023, June 11). Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A Review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332223007758#:~:text=Dysbiosis%20of%20the%20gut%20microbiota,significant%20contributor%20to%20inflammatory%20diseases.
Beavers, K. M., Brinkley, T. E., & Nicklas, B. J. (2010, June 3). Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3629815/
Beccuti, G., & Pennon, S. (2011, July). Sleep and Obesity. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3632337/
Berkowitz, L., Schultz, B. M., Salazar, G. A., Pardo-Roa, C., Sebastián, V. P., Álvarez-Lobos, M. M., & Bueno, S. M. (2018, January 30). Impact of cigarette smoking on the gastrointestinal tract inflammation: Opposing effects in crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Frontiers in immunology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5797634/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20it%20has%20been,the%20development%20of%20inflammatory%20diseases.
Bishehsari, F., Magno, E., Swanson, G., Desai, V., Voigt, R. M., Forsyth, C. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2017a). Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation. Alcohol research : current reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5513683/#:~:text=Alcohol’s%20Effect%20on%20Immunity%20and,in%20the%20liver%20and%20brain.
Bishehsari, F., Magno, E., Swanson, G., Desai, V., Voigt, R. M., Forsyth, C. B., & Keshavarzian, A. (2017b). Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation. Alcohol research : current reviews. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5513683/
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018, March 13). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859128/#:~:text=The%20vagus%20nerve%20is%20an,%2C%20satiety%2C%20and%20energy%20homeostasis.
Cell. (n.d.-a). https://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(20)30312-5.pdf
Cerqueira, É., Marinho, D. A., Neiva, H. P., & Lourenço, O. (2019, December 9). Inflammatory effects of high and moderate intensity exercise-A systematic review. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01550/full
Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M. (2021, May 17). Interplay between exercise and gut microbiome in the context of human health and performance. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.637010/full
Di Tommaso, N., Gasbarrini, A., & Ponziani, F. R. (2021, December 6). Intestinal barrier in human health and disease. International journal of environmental research and public health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657205/
The enteric nervous system relays psychological stress to ... (n.d.-b). https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(23)00475-0.pdf
Fabisiak, A., Włodarczyk, J., Fabisiak, N., Storr, M., & Fichna, J. (2017, July 1). Targeting histamine receptors in irritable bowel syndrome: A critical appraisal. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1293&vmd=Full
Farzi, A., Fr & ouml;hlich, E. E., & Holzer, P. (2018, January 27). Gut microbiota and the neuroendocrine system - neurotherapeutics. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13311-017-0600-5
Grondin, J. A., & Khan, W. I. (2023, July 13). Emerging roles of gut serotonin in regulation of immune response, microbiota composition and intestinal inflammation. OUP Academic. https://academic.oup.com/jcag/article/7/1/88/7223909
Gui, X., Yang, Z., & Li, M. D. (2021, May 11). Effect of cigarette smoke on gut microbiota: State of Knowledge. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.673341/full
Hildebrandt, X., Ibrahim, M., & Peltzer, N. (2022, September 29). Cell death and inflammation during obesity: “Know my methods, Watson.” Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41418-022-01062-4
Houser, M. C., & Tansey, M. G. (2017, January 11). The gut-brain axis: Is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of parkinson’s disease pathogenesis? Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-016-0002-0#:~:text=We%20have%20described%20how%20CNS,promote%20systemic%20inflammation%20and%20neuroinflammation.
How sleep deprivation can cause inflammation. Harvard Health. (2024, April 29). https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/how-sleep-deprivation-can-cause-inflammation#:~:text=One%20theory%20focuses%20on%20blood,the%20body’s%20stress%20response%20system.
Khanna, D., Khanna, S., Khanna, P., Kahar, P., & Patel, B. M. (2022, February 28). Obesity: A chronic low-grade inflammation and its markers. Cureus. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8967417/
Liu, Y.-Z., Wang, Y.-X., & Jiang, C.-L. (2017, June 20). Inflammation: The common pathway of stress-related diseases. Frontiers in human neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5476783/
Mount Sinai Health System. (2022, September 21). A consistent lack of sleep negatively impacts immune stem cells, increasing risk of inflammatory disorders and heart disease. https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2022/a-consistent-lack-of-sleep-negatively-impacts-immune-stem-cells-increasing-risk-of-inflammatory-disorders-and-heart-disease
Ng, Q. X., Soh, A. Y. S., Loke, W., Lim, D. Y., & Yeo, W.-S. (2018, September 21). The role of inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Journal of inflammation research. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159811/
Pahwa, R. (2023a, August 7). Chronic inflammation. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/
Pahwa, R. (2023b, August 7). Chronic inflammation. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/
Psychosocial interventions are found to reduce inflammation and boost beneficial immune system function. Psychosocial Interventions Are Found to Reduce Inflammation and Boost Beneficial Immune System Function | Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. (2021, January 7). https://bbrfoundation.org/content/psychosocial-interventions-are-found-reduce-inflammation-and-boost-beneficial-immune-system#:~:text=An%20analysis%20of%2056%20randomized,anxiety%2C%20schizophrenia%2C%20other%20illnesses.
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023, May 25). Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689/full
Smith, S. M., & Vale, W. W. (2006). The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181830/
Tomiyama, A. J. (2019, January 4). Stress and obesity. Annual Review of Psychology. https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936
The Tummy Clinic. (2024, September 19). Understanding the complex relationship between IBS, inflammation, gut ecology and the gut-brain axis. https://www.thetummyclinic.ca/ibs-insights/understanding-the-complex-relationship-between-ibs-inflammation-gut-ecology-and-the-gut-brain-axis/
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021, May 18). In brief: What is an inflammation?. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279298/
Vagus nerve stimulation promotes resolution of ... (n.d.-c). https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2023285119
Wang, C., & Fang, X. (2021, April 30). Inflammation and overlap of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1665&vmd=Full
Yan, S., Ma, Z., Jiao, M., Wang, Y., Li, A., & Ding, S. (2021, June 28). Effects of smoking on inflammatory markers in a healthy population as analyzed via the gut microbiota. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.633242/full
Low FODMAP Diet
FODMAPS and irritable bowel syndrome. About FODMAPs and IBS | Monash FODMAP - Monash Fodmap. (n.d.). https://www.monashfodmap.com/about-fodmap-and-ibs/
Halmos, D. E. (2018, July 30). A low fodmap diet in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - an update. Low FODMAP diet in inflammatory bowel disease (an update) - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/low-fodmap-diet-inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-update/
Hamilton, M. (2023, January 24). Simplified low fodmap: What is the fodmap gentle diet?. Ignite Nutrition. https://ignitenutrition.ca/blog/simplified-low-fodmap-what-is-the-fodmap-gentle-diet/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw5v2wBhBrEiwAXDDoJfwjlpRyiWRMApSmw9jefmA3u02M94DukP9cNp_IhUcmmDheSwrJdBoCFUYQAvD_BwE
Scott, A. (2023, September 27). How long does it take for the Fodmap Diet to work?. A Little Bit Yummy. https://alittlebityummy.com/blog/how-long-does-it-take-for-the-fodmap-diet-to-work/
Veloso, H. G. (2021, December 29). FODMAP diet: What you need to know. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/fodmap-diet-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Low%20FODMAP%20is%20a%20three,enjoying%20everything%20else%20worry%2Dfree.
Medications for IBS
Budisak, P. (2024, April 21). Bismuth subsalicylate. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560697/
CAG_CPG_FOR_MANAGEMENT_OF... (n.d.-a). https://www.cag-acg.org/_Library/clinical_cpgs_position_papers/CAG_CPG_for_Management_of_IBS_JCAG_Jan2019.pdf
Cascara Sagrada. University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d.). https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/Content?contentTypeID=19&ContentID=CascaraSagrada
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). Lotronex (alosetron hydrochloride) information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/lotronex-alosetron-hydrochloride-information#:~:text=The%20FDA%20has%20determined%20that%20the%20risk,*%20**Removal%20of%20the%20prescription%20sticker%20requirement*
Chen, L., Ilham, S. J., & Feng, B. (2017, January 25). Pharmacological approach for managing pain in Irritable bowel syndrome: A review article. Anesthesiology and pain medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5556397/#:~:text=Results,which%20target%20peripheral%20GI%20tract.
Cheyne, K. (2024, April 1). Medications and supplements for IBS. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/medications-and-supplements-for-ibs/
Colomier, E., Algera, J., & Melchior, C. (2021, February 18). Pharmacological therapies and their clinical targets in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Frontiers in pharmacology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7935509/#:~:text=Thus%2C%20healthcare%20professionals%20should%20be%20reserved%20when,is%20lacking.%20Therefore%2C%20further%20research%20is%20needed.
D;, F. S. M. D. (n.d.). Neuromodulators in the brain-gut axis: Their role in the therapy of the irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34812436/
DA;, S. W. T. (n.d.). Central neuromodulators for treating functional GI disorders: A Primer. The American journal of gastroenterology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349992/
Glutamine - badgut.org. (n.d.-b). https://badgut.org/information-centre/health-nutrition/glutamine/
Hannoodee, S. (2023, August 17). Docusate. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555942/
Herekar, A., Shimoga, D., Jehangir, A., Shahsavari, D., Yan, Y., Karunaratne, T. B., & Sharma, A. (2023, June 7). Tenapanor in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: Discovery, efficacy, and role in management. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10257918/#:~:text=Tenapanor%2C%20a%20recently%20Food%20&%20Drug,the%20treatment%20of%20IBS%2DC.
Http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0887302x07303626 | request PDF. (n.d.-c). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328039672_httpjournalssagepubcomdoiabs1011770887302X07303626
Irritable bowel syndrome toolkit. American Gastroenterological Association. (2025, March 12). https://gastro.org/clinical-guidance/guideline-toolkits/irritable-bowel-syndrome-toolkit/#:~:text=Pharmacological%20management%20of%20irritable%20bowel,stop%20diarrhea%20(loose%20stool).
Jenifer K Lehrer, M. (2024, May 15). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) medication. IBS Agents, Anticholinergics, Antidiarrheals, Tricyclic Neuromodulators (aka Tricyclic Antidepressants), Antibiotics, Bulk-Forming Laxatives. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180389-medication?form=fpf
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (n.d.). Bismuth subsalicylate (oral route). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/bismuth-subsalicylate-oral-route/description/drg-20068521
Medications for IBS. About IBS. (2023, March 20). https://aboutibs.org/treatment/medications-for-ibs/
Neuromodulators for functional gastrointestinal disorders (disorders of gut−brain interaction): A Rome Foundation Working Team Report - Gastroenterology. (n.d.-d). https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)36718-5/fulltext
New medication available for IBS-C - badgut.org. (n.d.-e). https://badgut.org/new-medication-ibs-c/
Rastgoo S;Ebrahimi-Daryani N;Agah S;Karimi S;Taher M;Rashidkhani B;Hejazi E;Mohseni F;Ahmadzadeh M;Sadeghi A;Hekmatdoost A; (n.d.). Glutamine supplementation enhances the effects of a low fodmap diet in irritable bowel syndrome management. Frontiers in nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34977110/
Stimulant laxatives for the treatment of chronic constipation: Is it time to change the paradigm? - gastroenterology. (n.d.-f). https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(11)01707-0/fulltext
Trending topics. PEN. (n.d.). https://www.pennutrition.com/TrendingTopic.aspx?id=29680
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome - NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/irritable-bowel-syndrome/treatment
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2017, January 23). Cascara. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548113/
Whorwell, P., Lange, R., & Scarpignato, C. (2024, June 16). Review article: Do Stimulant Laxatives damage the gut? A critical analysis of current knowledge. Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11181897/
Zhou, Q., Verne, M. L., Fields, J. Z., Lefante, J. J., Basra, S., Salameh, H., & Verne, G. N. (2019, June). Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9549483/
Meditation
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Mindfulness meditation: A research-proven way to reduce stress. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/mindfulness/meditation
Common issues and difficulties with meditation. Counseling Center | Loyola University Maryland. (n.d.). https://www.loyola.edu/department/counseling-center/services/students/relaxation/mindfulness-meditations/common-issues
Mayo Clinic: How meditation changes the brain. Supplements and Health Tests. (n.d.). https://www.thorne.com/take-5-daily/article/how-meditation-changes-the-brain#:~:
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, December 14). A beginner’s guide to meditation. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/meditation/in-depth/meditation/art-20045858
NHS. (n.d.). NHS choices. https://www.nhs.uk/every-mind-matters/mental-wellbeing-tips/how-to-meditate-for-beginners/#:~:text=There’s%20no%20rule%20about%20how,go%20of%20tension%20before%20bed.
The power of Meditation. University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d.). https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content
Sussex Publishers. (n.d.). 5 reasons why meditation doesn’t work for everyone. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/when-kids-call-the-shots/202212/why-meditation-doesn-t-work-everyone
Team, C. E. (2024, February 8). Can you meditate with music? how to practice music meditation. Calm Blog. https://www.calm.com/blog/can-you-meditate-with-music
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Meditation and mindfulness: Effectiveness and safety. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-and-mindfulness-effectiveness-and-safety
Video: Need to relax? take a break for meditation - mayo clinic. (n.d.). https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/multimedia/meditation/vid-20084741
Mental Health and IBS
Allan, S. (2022a, November 14). Mental health, IBS and removing the stigma. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/mental-health-ibs-and-removing-the-stigma/#:~:text=Not%20only%20is%20IBS%20physically,to%20those%20who%20do%20not.
Allan, S. (2022b, December 1). Mental Health and Nutrition. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/mental-health-and-nutrition/#:~:text=Fibre%2Drich%20diets%20have%20been,healthy%20eating%20the%20easier%20choice!
Ballou, S., & Keefer, L. (2017, January 19). Psychological interventions for irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. Clinical and translational gastroenterology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5288603/#:~:text=CBT%20is%20the%20most%20widely,decrease%20physical%20reactivity%20to%20stress.
Butler, M. I., Mörkl, S., Sandhu, K. V., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2019, November). The gut microbiome and mental health: What should we tell our patients?: Le microbiote intestinal et la santé mentale : Que devrions-nous dire à nos patients?. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6882070/
Chen, Y., Lian, B., Li, P., Yao, S., & Hou, Z. (2025, August 29). Studies on irritable bowel syndrome associated with anxiety or depression in the last 20 years: A Bibliometric analysis. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.947097/full
Clinicaltrials.gov. (n.d.). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03454386
Genetic study highlights links between IBS and mental health disorders. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. (2021, November 10). https://oxfordbrc.nihr.ac.uk/genetic-study-highlights-links-between-ibs-and-mental-health-disorders/
Hetterich, L., & Stengel, A. (2020, April 30). Psychotherapeutic interventions in irritable bowel syndrome. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7205029/#:~:text=The%20gut%2Dbrain%2Daxis%20is,to%20visceral%20hypersensitivity%20(11).
Häuser, W. (2024, June 3). Gut-directed hypnosis and hypnotherapy for Irritable bowel syndrome: A mini-review. Frontiers in psychology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11181908/
IBS and mental health. For Our Members. (1970, May 15). https://www.theibsnetwork.org/blog/ibs-and-mental-health/
IBS program. MindOverGut.com - Home. (2020, February 29). https://www.mindovergut.com/ibs-program-2/
Irritable bowel syndrome patients suffer high rates of anxiety and depression. MU School of Medicine. (2023, February 22). https://medicine.missouri.edu/news/irritable-bowel-syndrome-patients-suffer-high-rates-anxiety-and-depression
Overcoming irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | anxiety and depression association of america, ADAA. (n.d.). https://adaa.org/learn-from-us/from-the-experts/blog-posts/consumer/overcoming-irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs
Parker, C. H., Naliboff, B. D., Shih, W., Presson, A. P., Kilpatrick, L., Gupta, A., Liu, C., Keefer, L. A., Sauk, J. S., Hirten, R., Sands, B. E., & Chang, L. (2021, December). The role of resilience in irritable bowel syndrome, other chronic gastrointestinal conditions, and the general population. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7897330/
Psychological factors and IBS: How stress, anxiety, and mental health affect IBS. About IBS. (2025, April 28). https://aboutibs.org/what-is-ibs/psychological-factors-and-ibs/
Psychological treatments. About IBS. (2022, November 21). https://aboutibs.org/treatment/psychological-treatments/
Shafiei, F., Dehghani, M., Lavasani, F. F., Manouchehri, M., & Mokhtare, M. (2025, August 29). Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial examining improvements in emotion regulation, defense mechanisms, quality of life, and IBS symptoms. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1293150/full
Staudacher, H. M., Black, C. J., Teasdale, S. B., Mikocka-Walus, A., & Keefer, L. (2023, September). Irritable bowel syndrome and mental health comorbidity - approach to multidisciplinary management. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10237074/#:~:text=Abstract,comorbid%20psychological%20condition%20is%20unclear
View of treating irritable bowel syndrome through an interdisciplinary approach: Annals of gastroenterology (n.d.). http://www.annalsgastro.gr/index.php/annalsgastro/article/view/4795/4761
Webmaster, C. (2024, November 27). “Psychology works” fact sheet: Irritable bowel syndrome - canadian psychological association. Canadian Psychological Association - The national voice for psychology in Canada. https://cpa.ca/psychology-works-fact-sheet-irritable-bowel-syndrome/#:~:text=Cognitive%20behavioural%20therapy%20is%20the,to%20working%20with%20the%20strategies.
Xiong, R.-G., Li, J., Cheng, J., Zhou, D.-D., Wu, S.-X., Huang, S.-Y., Saimaiti, A., Yang, Z.-J., Gan, R.-Y., & Li, H.-B. (2023, July 23). The role of gut microbiota in anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders as well as the protective effects of dietary components. Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10384867/
Mindful and Intuitive Eating
8 steps to mindful eating. Harvard Health. (2016, January 16). https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/8-steps-to-mindful-eating
Cherpak, C. E. (2019a, August). Mindful eating: A review of how the stress-digestion-mindfulness triad may modulate and improve gastrointestinal and digestive function. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219460/
Cheyne, K. (2024, April 1). IBS and stress: Is there a link?. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/ibs-and-stress-is-there-a-link/
Cleveland Clinic. (2024, June 27). How to practice Mindful Eating. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/mindful-eating
Glenda Bishop, Rn. P. min read, Member, jaeger91, & Admin, C. H. C. (n.d.-a). Bigger meals can make ibs worse. IrritableBowelSyndrome.net. https://irritablebowelsyndrome.net/food/bigger-meals-can-make-ibs-worse
Mindful eating. The Nutrition Source. (2024, May 9). https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/mindful-eating/
Nelson, J. B. (2017a). Mindful eating: The art of presence while you eat. Diabetes Spectrum, 30(3), 171–174. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0015
Taletha Bennett, R. (2022, July 22). Mindful eating for managing IBS. The Food Fix Nutrition Consulting. https://thefoodfixrd.ca/home/mindful-eating-for-managing-ibs-symptoms/thefoodfixrd/
Tracey. (2022, May 20). How can mindful eating help ibs?. Transforming Health. https://transforming-health.co.uk/how-can-mindful-eating-help-ibs/
Prebiotics and Probiotics
Allan, S. (2023b, April 18). Prebiotics vs dietary fibre. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/prebiotics-vs-dietary-fibre/
Author links open overlay panel Cristina Ruiz-Sánchez. (2024, February 7). Evaluation of the efficacy of probiotics as treatment in irritable bowel syndrome. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530018024000039
Author links open overlay panel Ruwen Yang, Lovell, R. M., Saito, Y. A., Spiller, R., Drossman, D. A., Niv, E., Chambrun, G. P. de, Sadrin, S., Stevenson, C., Parthasarathy, G., Tap, J., Sperber, A. D., Ford, A. C., Maxion-Bergemann, S., Chey, W. D., Patel, P., Pace, F., Buono, J. L., … Begtrup, L. M. (2024, February 29). Efficacy and safety of probiotics in Irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405457724000494
Ayakdaş, G., & Ağagündüz, D. (2023). Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) as novel gut microbiome modulators in noncommunicable diseases. Heliyon, 9(9), e19888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19888
Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics: What are they and why are they important?: Healthful nutrition. Lifestyle Medicine. https://longevity.stanford.edu/lifestyle/2024/04/08/probiotics-prebiotics-and-postbiotics-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-important
Collins, L. (2017b, July 6). The health benefits of fermented foods – is it the probiotics, their by-products or both?. The health benefits of fermented foods- A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/the-health-benefits-of-fermented-foods
Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S. J., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 8(3), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
Dr Jane Varney, D. C. Y. & L. C. (2021b, July 29). Probiotics for IBS. A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/probiotics-ibs-update/
Dwyer, E. (2016, November 1). Dietary fibre series - prebiotic fibre. Prebiotic fibre - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in diet for IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/dietary-fibre-series-prebiotic-fibre/
Gomez Quintero, D. F., Kok, C. R., & Hutkins, R. (2022). The Future of Synbiotics: Rational Formulation and Design. Frontiers in microbiology, 13, 919725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.919725
Home. AEProbio. (n.d.). https://aeprobio.com/
Isappscience. (n.d.-a). https://isappscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FermentedFoods_outline_rev1029.pdf
Latif, A., Shehzad, A., Niazi, S., Zahid, A., Ashraf, W., Iqbal, M. W., Rehman, A., Riaz, T., Aadil, R. M., Khan, I. M., Özogul, F., Rocha, J. M., Esatbeyoglu, T., & Korma, S. A. (2023). Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Frontiers in microbiology, 14, 1216674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216674
Le Morvan de Sequeira C, Kaeber M, Cekin SE, Enck P, Mack I. The Effect of Probiotics on Quality of Life, Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2021 Aug 8;10(16):3497. doi: 10.3390/jcm10163497. PMID: 34441793; PMCID: PMC8397103.
The microbiome. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. (2024, February 20). https://cdhf.ca/en/digestive-conditions/the-microbiome/
Mouw, M. (2020, March 25). The different ways that prebiotics and fiber affect the gut microbiota. Gut Microbiota for Health. https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/the-different-ways-that-prebiotics-and-fiber-affect-the-gut-microbiota/
Prados, A. (2021, August 10). Synbiotics: More than simply a probiotic-prebiotic combination. Gut Microbiota for Health. https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/synbiotics-more-than-simply-a-probiotic-prebiotic-combination/
Prebiotics. International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). (2022, July 6). https://isappscience.org/for-scientists/resources/prebiotics/
RDN, C. F. M. (2023, March 3). Probiotic supplements: What is an adequate dosage?. International Probiotics Association. https://internationalprobiotics.org/home/probiotic-dosage-what-is-adequate/
Satish Kumar, L., Pugalenthi, L. S., Ahmad, M., Reddy, S., Barkhane, Z., & Elmadi, J. (2022). Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review of Their Therapeutic Role. Cureus, 14(4), e24240. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24240
Sommermeyer, H., & Piątek, J. (2024). Synbiotics as Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review. Microorganisms, 12(7), 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071493
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Office of dietary supplements - probiotics. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Probiotics-HealthProfessional/
Webber, S. (2017, January 25). Fermented foods and fodmaps. Fermented foods and FODMAPs - A blog by Monash FODMAP | The experts in IBS - Monash Fodmap. https://www.monashfodmap.com/blog/fermented-foods-and-fodmaps/
Xie, C. R., Tang, B., Shi, Y. Z., Peng, W. Y., Ye, K., Tao, Q. F., Yu, S. G., Zheng, H., & Chen, M. (2022). Low FODMAP Diet and Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-analysis. Frontiers in pharmacology, 13, 853011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.853011
Xie, P., Luo, M., Deng, X., Fan, J., & Xiong, L. (2023). Outcome-Specific Efficacy of Different Probiotic Strains and Mixtures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15(17), 3856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173856
Yang R, Jiang J, Ouyang J, Zhao Y, Xi B. Efficacy and safety of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024 Apr;60:362-372. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.025. Epub 2024 Feb 29. PMID: 38479936.
Sleep and IBS
Ahmadi, Somayeh (2024, March 21). Gut Microbiota in neurological diseases: Melatonin plays an important regulatory role. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224003718
Gaulin, J. (2023, November 7). Is ibs keeping you up at night?. Gastro Girl. https://gastrogirl.com/is-ibs-keeping-you-up-at-night/
Institute, 1Blizard. (n.d.). Poor subjective sleep quality predicts symptoms in... : Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology: ACG. LWW. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/01000/poor_subjective_sleep_quality_predicts_symptoms_in.23.aspx
Khanijow, V., Prakash, P., Emsellem, H. A., Borum, M. L., & Doman, D. B. (2015, December). Sleep dysfunction and gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology & hepatology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4849511/
Patel, A., Hasak, S., Cassell, B., Ciorba, M. A., Vivio, E. E., Kumar, M., Gyawali, C. P., & Sayuk, G. S. (2016, August). Effects of disturbed sleep on gastrointestinal and somatic pain symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5020700/
Savage, R. A. (2024, February 9). Melatonin. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534823/
Sleep and IBS - 40% of patients report issues. About IBS. (2023, November 4). https://aboutibs.org/signs-and-symptoms/sleep-and-irritable-bowel-syndrome/
Sleep and ibs. For Our Members. (1970, January 19). https://www.theibsnetwork.org/blog/sleep-and-ibs/
Sleep. Gastrointestinal Society. (2024, September 18). https://badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/sleep/
Topan, R., & Scott, S. M. (2023, October 10). Sleep: An overlooked lifestyle factor in disorders of gut-brain interaction - current treatment options in gastroenterology. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11938-023-00433-1
Wang, B., Duan, R., & Duan, L. (2018). Prevalence of sleep disorder in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5985632/
Stress Management: Stress and IBS
Allan, S. (2023, March 23). The importance of managing stress for people who suffer from IBS. Canadian Digestive Health Foundation. https://cdhf.ca/en/the-importance-of-managing-stress-for-people-who-suffer-from-ibs/
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Stress effects on the body. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body
Banerjee, A., Sarkhel, S., Sarkar, R., & Dhali, G. K. (2017). Anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome. Indian journal of psychological medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733421/
Greenwood-Van Meerveld, B., & Johnson, A. C. (2017, November 22). Stress-induced chronic visceral pain of gastrointestinal origin. Frontiers in systems neuroscience. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5702626/
Qin, H.-Y., Cheng, C.-W., Tang, X.-D., & Bian, Z.-X. (2014, October 21). Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome. World journal of gastroenterology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202343/
Stress and your gut. Gastrointestinal Society. (2020, July 23). https://badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/stress-and-your-gut/
Vagus Nerve
Bonaz, B. (2022, October). Anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation with a special attention to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Neurogastroenterology and motility. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9787579/#:~:text=Targeting%20the%20VN%20through%20VN,%2C%20IBS%2C%20and%20celiac%20disease.
Bonaz, B., Sinniger, V., & Pellissier, S. (2019, August 1). Vagus nerve stimulation at the interface of brain-gut interactions. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6671930/
Bonaz, B., Sinniger, V., & Pellissier, S. (2021, March 22). Therapeutic potential of vagus nerve stimulation for inflammatory bowel diseases. Frontiers in neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8019822/#:~:text=This%20explains%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20the,of%20the%20sympatho%2Dvagal%20balance.
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018, March 13). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in psychiatry. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5859128/
Cardiac vagal nerve activity increases during exercise to enhance coronary blood flow | circulation research. (n.d.-a). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.323017?doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.323017
CD;, L. W. G. (n.d.). Foot reflexology can increase vagal modulation, decrease sympathetic modulation, and lower blood pressure in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22314629/#:~:text=Foot%20reflexology%20can%20increase%20vagal,patients%20with%20coronary%20artery%20disease
D;, V. F. K. (n.d.). Efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review. Gastroenterology report. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867596/#:~:text=The%20primary%20outcome%20was%20adequate,bowel%20syndrome;%20vagus%20nerve%20stimulation.
Dudzińska, E., Grabrucker, A. M., Kwiatkowski, P., Sitarz, R., & Sienkiewicz, M. (2023, October 3). The importance of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome-plant metabolites in IBS treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10609912/#:~:text=ACTH%20stimulates%20the%20adrenal%20cortex,accessed%20on%201%20September%202023.
Gastroenterology, 1Department of. (n.d.). Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve ... : Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology: ACG. LWW. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2025/09000/efficacy_and_safety_of_transcutaneous_auricular.33.aspx
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018, October 9). Breath of life: The respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity. Frontiers in human neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6189422/
Grolaux, P. J. D. (2019, October 17). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in private healthcare center: A small-scale investigation targeting anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome and chronic pain. Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine. https://www.jneurology.com/articles/transcutaneous-vagus-nerve-stimulation-in-private-healthcare-center-a-small-scale-investigation-targeting-anxiety-irritable-bowel-syndrome-and-chronic-pain.html
Han, Y., Wang, B., Gao, H., He, C., Hua, R., Liang, C., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Xin, S., & Xu, J. (2022, November 9). Vagus nerve and underlying impact on the gut microbiota-brain axis in behavior and neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of inflammation research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9656367/
Immediate and sustained increases in the activity of vagal preganglionic neurons during exercise and after exercise training | cardiovascular research | oxford academic. (n.d.-b). https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/119/13/2329/7233757
Jungmann, M., Vencatachellum, S., Van Ryckeghem, D., & Vögele, C. (2018, October 9). Effects of cold stimulation on cardiac-vagal activation in healthy participants: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR formative research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6334714/
Kalyani, B. G., Venkatasubramanian, G., Arasappa, R., Rao, N. P., Kalmady, S. V., Behere, R. V., Rao, H., Vasudev, M. K., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2011, January). Neurohemodynamic correlates of “om” chanting: A pilot functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. International journal of yoga. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3099099/
Kenny, B. J. (2022, November 7). Neuroanatomy, cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve). StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537171/
Magnon, V., Dutheil, F., & Vallet, G. T. (2021, September 29). Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98736-9#:~:text=This%20greater%20effect%20could%20reflect%20a%20greater,a%20compensation%20mechanism%20promoting%20efficient%20anxiety%20management.
Resetting the hype around the vagus nerve. Office for Science and Society. (2022, May 13). https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical-thinking/resetting-hype-around-vagus-nerve
Sussex Publishers. (n.d.). Longer exhalations are an easy way to hack your vagus nerve. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/the-athletes-way/201905/longer-exhalations-are-an-easy-way-to-hack-your-vagus-nerve
Wilkie, L., Fisher, Z., & Kemp, A. H. (2022, July 7). The complex construct of wellbeing and the role of vagal function. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9301262/#:~:text=Higher%20levels%20of%20vagally%2Dmediated,for%20vagal%20function%20in%20each.
Özçağlayan, Ö., Kurtoğlu Özçağlayan, T. İ., Doğru, M., & Mete, R. (2020, July). Vagus nerve assessment via ultrasonography in irritable bowel syndrome. are there any changes of dimension in the vagus nerve?. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7480199/
Yoga
Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb: Psoas major - statpearls - NCBI ... (n.d.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535418/
Burke, A. (2018, July 2). 8 poses for Iliopsoas release. Home. https://yogainternational.com/article/view/8-poses-for-iliopsoas-release/
Coulter, David (2001). Anatomy of Hatha Yoga: A Manual for Students, Teachers and Practitioners. Body and Breath.
D'Silva, A., MacQueen, G., Nasser, Y., Taylor, L. M., Vallance, J. K., & Raman, M. (2020). Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Digestive diseases and sciences, 65(9), 2503–2514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05989-6
D'Silva, A., Marshall, D. A., Vallance, J. K., Nasser, Y., Rajagopalan, V., Szostakiwskyj, J. H., & Raman, M. (2023). Meditation and Yoga for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The American journal of gastroenterology, 118(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002052
Harvard Health Publishing (2016, March 10). Learning diaphragmatic breathing. Harvard Medical School. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/learning-diaphragmatic-breathing
Kamp, K. J., Cain, K. C., Utleg, A., Burr, R. L., Raftery, D., Luna, R. A., Shulman, R. J., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2021). Bile Acids and Microbiome Among Individuals With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Healthy Volunteers. Biological research for nursing, 23(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800420941255
Keil, D. (2023, October 10). PSOAS - your questions answered. Yoganatomy. https://www.yoganatomy.com/the-psoas-muscle/
Keller, Doug (2006). Yoga as Therapy. DoYoga Productions.
Koch, L. (2021a, October 1). Why you should stop “Stretching” your psoas. Yoga Journal. https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/types/core/why-you-should-stop-stretching-your-psoas/
Koch, L. (2021b, November 11). 7 poses that help deepen your awareness to release your Psoas. Yoga Journal. https://www.yogajournal.com/poses/anatomy/pelvis/release-your-psoas/?scope=anon
McCall, Timothy (2007). Yoga as Medicine: The Yogic Prescription for Health and Healing. Random House Publishing
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Pate, J. (2015, September 28). The psoas: Exerting influence beyond the bones. Physiology of Yoga. https://physiologyofyoga.com/2015/09/28/the-psoas-exerting-influence-beyond-the-bones/
Watts, Charlotte (2018). Yoga Therapy for Digestive Health. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.